The History Of The Oil Industry - 1265 Words

The history of the Oil Industry Oil makes up over â…“ of humanities primary energy supply. The production of oil, especially the refining of it is has a huge impact of on the modern day world. Oil has been collected and used since Old Testament Bible times. Oil or petroleum is naturally found in various countries including in and around the United States of America. There are many men who can be linked to the beginning of the American oil industry, but out of all of them the most famous, if not the most influential is John Davison Rockefeller. The history of the United States petroleum industry was influenced by John Rockefeller, and helped define his legacy. Oil has been used since perhaps, the beginning of time. Ancient records have†¦show more content†¦Early Colonists observed the Seneca and Cornplanter Indians collecting it by spreading blankets on the rainbow colored surface of oil rich streams, they then wrung the oil out the blankets into earthen bowls. They used it for liniment, medicine and to mix with their war paint for shiny, waterproof make-up. 17th century British and French explorers in western Pennsylvania and New York sent back reports about oil pools that looked like water and burned like brandy. Settlers in western Pennsylvania kept a supply of â€Å"Seneca oil,† that they collected whenever they found it, and used it to stimulate their joints and those of their horses. It was used by farmers in hot weather to repel blowflies, which couldn t tolerate the smell of the greasy substance (Dolson 1). Over time some inquisitive men began searching for ways to make money off this natural occurring petroleum. Oil, because of its many uses became a profitable product. Ebenezer Brewer a lumber mill owner skimmed up five gallons from the seepage on his land bordering Oil Creek, and sent it to his son Francis, a young doctor in northern Vermont. The greasy stuff was exactly the kind of unpleasant medicine Vermonters were crazy about. Dr. Brewer took a flask of the crude oil to his old professor at Dartmouth, Dr. Dixi Crosby, who examined it and agreed it might be a pretty good thing. George Bissell listened to Crosby talk about the interesting contents of the flask, along with James Townsend,

Saint Margaret of Scotland Queen and Reformer

Known for:  Queen Consort of Scotland (married to Malcolm III -- Malcolm Canmore -- of Scotland), Patroness of Scotland, reforming the Church of Scotland. Grandmother of the Empress Matilda. Dates:  Lived ~1045 - 1093.   Born about 1045 (widely varying dates are given), probably in Hungary.  Married Malcolm III King of Scotland about 1070.  Died November 16, 1093, Edinburgh Castle, Scotland.  Canonized: 1250 (1251?).  Feast Day: June 10.   Traditional Feast Day in Scotland: November 16. Also Known As:  The Pearl of Scotland (pearl in Greek is margaron), Margaret of Wessex Heritage Father of Margaret of Scotland was Edward the Exile. He was the son of King Edmund II Ironside of England, who was in turn son of Ethelred II the Unready. Her brother was  Edward the Atheling.Mother of Margaret of Scotland was Agatha of Hungary, who was related to Gisela, wife of St. Stephen of HungaryMargaret of Scotlands brother was Edgar the Atheling, the only one of the Anglo-Saxon princes to survive the Norman invasion, acknowledged as King of England by some but never crowned. Early Years of Exile Margaret was born while her family was in exile in Hungary during the reign in England of the Viking kings. She returned with her family in 1057, then they fled again, this time to Scotland, during the Norman Conquest of 1066. Marriage Margaret of Scotland met her future husband, Malcolm Canmore, when she was fleeing William  the Conquerors invading army in 1066 with her brother, Edward the Atheling, who had ruled briefly but had never been crowned. Her  ship was wrecked on the Scottish coast. Malcolm Canmore was the son of King Duncan. Duncan had been killed by Macbeth, and Malcolm in turn defeated and killed Macbeth after living for some years in England -- a series of events fictionalized by Shakespeare. Malcolm had been married previously to Ingibjorg, the daughter of the Earl of Orkney. Malcolm invaded England at least five times. William the Conqueror forced him to swear allegiance in 1072 but Malcolm died in a skirmish with the English forces of King William II Rufus in 1093. Only three days later, his queen, Margaret of Scotland, also died. Margaret of Scotlands Contributions to History Margaret of Scotland is known to history for her work to reform the Scottish church by bringing it into line with Roman practices and replacing Celtic practices. Margaret brought many English priests to Scotland as one method of achieving this goal. She was a supporter of Archbishop Anselm. Margaret of Scotlands Children and Grandchildren Of the eight children of Margaret of Scotland, one, Edith, renamed Matilda or Maud and known as Matilda of Scotland, married Henry I of England, uniting the Anglo-Saxon royal line with the Norman royal line. Henry and Matilda of Scotlands daughter, widow of the Holy Roman Emperor, the Empress Matilda, was named Henry Is heir, though her paternal cousin Stephen seized the crown and she was only able to win her son, Henry II, the right to succeed. Three of her sons -- Edgar, Alexander I, and David I -- ruled as kings of Scotland. David, the youngest, reigned for almost 30 years. Her other daughter, Mary, married the Count of Boulogne and Marys daughter Matilda of Boulogne, a maternal cousin of the Empress Matilda,  became Queen of England as wife of King Stephen. After Her Death A biography of St. Margaret appeared soon after her death. It is usually credited to Turgot, Archbishop of St. Andrews, but is sometimes said to have been written by Theodoric, a monk. Of her relics, Mary, Queen of Scots, later had possession of Saint Margarets head. Descendants of Margaret of Scotland Descendants of Margaret of Scotland and Duncan reigned in Scotland, except for a brief reign after Duncans death by his brother, until 1290, with the death of another Margaret, known as the Maid of Norway. Related: Anglo-Saxon and Viking Queens of England

The Portrayal Of Women During The Arab World - 1651 Words

The portrayal of women in the media is a global phenomenon that many nations, countries and cultures struggle to find equality in the portrayal of gender throughout media systems. The Middle East and the Arab World is no exception to this phenomenon, recognizing and contributing to the negatively portrayed images of Arab women represented in the global mass media. For my research paper, I chose to focus on how women in the Arab World are breaking boundaries of these negative stereotypical images, while using social media as an outlet for online activism and empowerment. By conducting research on how women are portrayed as â€Å"subservient† to men in the Arab World, I started to form my research question in how women are interpreting these portrayed images, how they are reacting to these misrepresentations of themselves in the media, and what exactly they are doing about changing the image of themselves and the evident inequalities between men in civil society. I continued fur thering my research with the introduction of social media to the Arab world and the combating of stereotypes of Arab women in the media. Collectively, based on all of my research and knowledge of global mass media, the portrayal of Arab women in mass media, and the exponentially rising usage of social media in implementing social change, Arab women have gained a voice in standing up for rights in civil societies throughout the Arab World. My research led me to formulate the following research question: HowShow MoreRelatedChanges in Arabic Societies During teh 20th Century1441 Words   |  6 Pagesinitiated a new cultural order that changed the lives of men and women alike. The sweeping changes associated with this period were catalyzed by a massive immigration from the countryside into the rapidly expanding urban centers of the region. 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Women were not allowed to attend symposions therefore they missed out on social gatherings. These private drinking parties would be for formal, academic, intimate, and contesting purposes. By not allowing women to attend, they were limited to fewer social gatherings and situations. When Islam became a prominent power in the Middle East, they began rejecting

Auditing and Assurance Principles and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance for Principles and Practice. Answer: Introduction: Fellow and Associates has Health care holdings Group as its audit client and has 100% entities in Total cancer care limited. Tania Fellowes is the audit partner of fellow and Associates conducted some preliminary analysis. If the entity becomes the related entity of the audit client, then the audit firm should identify the current and previous relationships and the interest with the related entity (Eilifsen et al., 2013). This is to be done by taking into account the available safeguards. It is so because this could affect the independence the clients and the ability to continue the audit engagement after the date of the acquisition. Discussion: The audit partner of HCHG (Health care holdings group), which has 100% entity in Total Cancer Care Limited has been asked to undertake an engagement in respect of the linear accelerator. Tania Fellowes has been approached in this regard for providing an opinion that the linear accelerators of TCCL are fit for use. It has been observed by Tania Fellowes that one of the accountant intended to be the part of audit team owns shares in the HCHG. Considering this situation, the Fellow and Associates independence is faced with advocacy threat. Since the accountant to be audit, member team owns shares in the HCHG, which is audit client. There is the most likely chance that the member will promote the clients position to the point that the objectivity of the member would be compromised (Glover et al., 2014). The situation first would also pose familiarity threat to the independence of the Fellowes and Associates. This situation could also lead to self-interest threat, as the audit member is unlikely to criticize his own performed work. He might overlook the unrecorded assets and liabilities discovered during the course of conducting audit. In the second situation, the valuation of the intangibles assets following the acquisition of the shady Oaks hospital by the HCHG is considered material. Moreover, t he valuation is done by the fellow and Associates at different point of time. The threat to the independence of Fellow and Associates arises from materialising. The type of threat using the APES 110 in this regard is self-review threat (Apesb.org.au, 2016). This is so because, fellow and Associates has not properly evaluated the intangibles assets. That is the audit firm did not evaluate the valuation of the intangible assets by the company appropriately. In the second situation, the self-review threat exists because here the audit partner Tania Fellowes would be auditing the balance on which Fellow and associates have placed the valuation. The risks is attributable to the materiality of the intangibles assets. Here, the valuation of the intangible assets involves the valuation of matters that is material to the financial statements (Messier, 2016). The familiarity threat in the first situation would enhance the professional judgement. In order to meet the needs of clients, there is a need to tailor engagement practice. In this case, the documentation of thinking and reasoning is required. All the staffs of the audit firms should be taught to maintain the high level of professional skepticism in all the audit engagements (Kunz et al., 2014). Safeguards are the measures that is taken to eliminate the threats or to reduce them to an acceptable level. The safeguard for reducing the self-interest and advocacy risks would include: The confirmation should be received from the audit clients that they are aware of the referral arrangements. Receiving confirmation from accountant that he or she has no material interest in HCHG Some of the other safeguard that can be taken to reduce the risk of similar independence threats are as follows: The firm may implement procedures and policies so that the quality control of the engagement is monitored (William et al., 2016) The compliance with the policies and procedures should be promoted using a disciplinary mechanism If the valuation of any items in the financial statements, then the audit firms should not provide valuation service to the audit clients. The valuation should be actuarial valuation that is the audit firms should consider key variables. The audit firms should make such arrangement so that the personnel providing such services do not be a part of the audit engagement (Stuart, 2012). Conclusion: Form the analysis of the given case study, which involved the identification of several risk using the knowledge of APES 110. It is concluded that the independence of the audit firm is faced with few potential threats. The self-interest is manifested through the share of ownership of the auditor in the clients entity. The self-review threat observed in the second situation depicts the primary source of value of audit of the financial report. The audit firm is conflicted in the second situation because fellow and associates does not want to expose the problem for the work done by itself or by its audit partner. Reference: Apesb.org.au. (2016). Available at: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/standard1.pdf [Accessed 27 Dec. 2016]. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F., Messier, W. F. (2014).Auditing assurance services: a systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Kunz, R., Josset, D., Scholtz, H., Motholo, V., Graeme, O. R., Penning, G., Rudman, R. (2014). Auditing Assurance: Principles Practice. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Messier Jr, W. (2016).Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Stuart, I. (2012).Auditing and assurance services: an applied approach. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016). Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.